XOR, Exclusive OR

Bitwise operation returning 1 when inputs differ; foundational for stream ciphers, secret sharing, and many Merkle–Damgård constructions in crypto protocols.

XChaCha20-Poly1305

AEAD construction extending ChaCha20-Poly1305 with a 192-bit nonce via HChaCha20 for safer random nonce use, common in secure messaging and wallets.

X448

Higher security ECDH curve over Edwards448 offering larger key sizes than X25519; used where longer term security margins are required.

X25519

Elliptic curve Diffie–Hellman key exchange using Curve25519, fast and widely deployed for TLS, secure messengers, and wallet communication.

VRF, Verifiable Random Function

Cryptographic primitive that produces a random output and proof verifiable by anyone, used for lotteries, leader election, and fair on chain randomness.

View Function

Smart contract function that reads state without modifying it, callable off chain without gas, marked as view or pure in EVM languages.

Vyper

Python like smart contract language for the EVM focused on simplicity and auditability, with restricted features to reduce attack surface compared to Solidity.

Vesting Cliff

Initial period during which no tokens unlock, followed by the first large release, common in team and investor allocations to align incentives.

Vesting

Process by which token allocations become unlocked over time according to a schedule, aligned with cliffs and linear release to reduce immediate sell pressure.

Verification Key

Public parameter used by a verifier to check cryptographic proofs, usually generated alongside a proving key in trusted setups or universal schemes.

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