Uplift Modeling

Estimating the causal impact of an intervention on an individual compared to control, often used for targeting marketing or product treatments.

Uncertainty Estimation

Quantifying model confidence or epistemic/aleatoric uncertainty in predictions; used for calibration, abstention, and risk‑aware decisions.

Underfitting

When a model is too simple to capture patterns in the data, leading to high bias and poor training and test performance.

Unlabeled Data

Raw inputs without ground‑truth annotations; used in self‑supervised, unsupervised, or pretraining regimes to scale model learning.

TVL, Total Value Locked

Aggregate value of assets deposited in a protocol or chain, commonly used to gauge usage and liquidity, but sensitive to price swings and double counting.

TPS, Transactions Per Second

Metric for blockchain throughput, often compared across networks; raw TPS claims can be misleading without details on security and data availability.

Throughput (TPS)

Rate at which a blockchain processes transactions; constrained by block size, latency, verification, and data availability bandwidth.

Transaction Pool (Mempool)

Pending transaction queue held by nodes before inclusion in a block; subject to fee competition, replacements, and local policy differences.

Transaction Finality

Assurance that a confirmed transaction will not be reversed; can be probabilistic (PoW) or deterministic via BFT finality gadgets or checkpoints.

Transaction Nonce

Monotonic counter per account that prevents replay and orders transactions; gaps can stall later txs until missing nonces are mined or replaced.

Transaction Fee

Amount paid to compensate validators/miners for computation and inclusion; may include base fee, tip, and burn depending on the fee market design.

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