Root of Trust

Minimal set of entities or keys implicitly trusted by a system’s security model, such as genesis validators or hardware secure modules.

Root Hash

Top hash of a Merkle tree summarizing all leaves; enables compact proofs of inclusion for transactions or state.

Rollup Settlement

How a rollup finalizes on its base chain, including data availability, proof verification, and the economic guarantees for bridging assets.

Rollup Prover

Component that generates validity proofs (e.g., zk‑SNARKs) attesting to correct state transitions in a rollup, verified on Layer 1.

Rollup Sequencer

Actor that orders transactions within a rollup and submits batches to Layer 1; can be centralized, decentralized, or shared among rollups.

Rollup Bridge

Contract and off‑chain infra that allows deposits to and withdrawals from a rollup, often using canonical bridges with exit delays or validity proofs.

Rollup

A Layer 2 that executes transactions off‑chain and posts data or proofs to a Layer 1 for security, commonly optimistic or zero‑knowledge designs.

Restaking

Reusing staked assets or their yield to secure additional services or networks, extending economic security across multiple protocols (e.g., via middleware frameworks).

Reorg Resistance

Property of a network or application to tolerate short‑range chain reorganizations without loss or double‑spend, often via confirmations or finality gadgets.

Reorg, Chain Reorganization

When a node switches to a longer or heavier chain tip, replacing recent blocks. Causes temporary rollbacks of unfinalized transactions.

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