Algorithm that computes gradients layer‑by‑layer to train neural networks via gradient descent.

Ethereum Layer 2 network focused on low fees and scalable apps, developed with the OP Stack.

Protocol‑set minimum fee per gas unit that is burned, adjusting block‑to‑block to target utilization.

The foundational blockchain that provides security and consensus for higher layers, also called Layer 1.

Technique that normalizes activations across a mini‑batch to stabilize and speed up training.

Component that aggregates Layer 2 transactions into batches and posts data or proofs to Layer 1.

Statistical method that updates beliefs with evidence using Bayes’ theorem.

The Proof‑of‑Stake coordination layer for Ethereum that manages validators, committees, and finality.

Heuristic decoding method that keeps the top‑k partial sequences when generating text or sequences.

Checksum‑friendly address format used in Bitcoin and other chains, starts with prefixes like bc1.

Standardized dataset and metrics used to compare models and track progress, e.g., ImageNet or MMLU.

Token standard used on BNB Smart Chain, similar to ERC‑20 but with chain‑specific details.

Pre‑launch software stage intended for wider testing, may contain bugs and limited features.

Systematic errors in model outputs arising from data, objectives, or deployment context, affecting fairness.

Cryptographic map between groups enabling schemes like BLS signatures and zk‑SNARK verification.

Design document that proposes standards or changes for Bitcoin, similar in spirit to Ethereum’s EIPs.

Binary payload attached to special transactions to lower data availability costs for rollups.

The dedicated data availability market introduced by blobs, separate from traditional call‑data space.

A batch of transactions bundled, validated, and linked to the previous block, forming a chain.

Web app for inspecting blocks, transactions, addresses, and contract state on a blockchain.

Maximum total gas that can be consumed by all transactions in a block, constraining throughput.

Summary fields of a block, including parent hash, state roots, timestamp, and other consensus data.

Number of blocks in the chain up to a given block, starting at zero for the genesis block.

Role that executes transactions and maintains node operations; collectively with Producers and Verifiers forms the “Block Keepers”.

Reward portion allocated to Block Keepers for compute, storage, and reliable operation during their epoch.

Collective term for Block Producers, Block Keepers (role), and Acki‑Nacki Verifiers when not addressed separately.

Reward portion allocated to Block Managers per management epoch.

Management cohort in Acki Nacki that receives a defined share of rewards per management epoch.

Network participant responsible for proposing blocks in their epoch window under the PoS schedule. Part of the “Block Keepers” group.

The process and latency of broadcasting a new block throughout the network’s peers.

Native issuance and fees awarded to the entity that proposes or validates a block.

Average time between consecutive blocks on a chain, affecting latency and UX.

Distributed ledger secured by cryptography and consensus, where data is written in append-only blocks.

The scarce resource of on‑chain computation and data availability that users bid for via fees.

Probabilistic data structure for fast set membership checks with false positives but no false negatives.

Signature scheme supporting efficient aggregation, widely used in Ethereum staking and consensus.

Price function that automatically adjusts token price based on supply or demand, enabling instant liquidity.

Reward paid to security researchers for responsibly disclosing vulnerabilities in code or infrastructure.

Infrastructure that transfers assets or messages between blockchains, usually by locking on one side and minting on the other.

Participant in proposer‑builder separation that constructs blocks, often competing in auctions for MEV.

Ordered set of transactions submitted together to capture MEV opportunities with preserved execution ordering.

Permanent removal of tokens from circulation by sending to an unrecoverable address or burning mechanism.

Mechanism letting NACKL holders destroy tokens in exchange for their proportional share of the Accumulator’s assets.

Property of a system to reach agreement even when some participants act arbitrarily or maliciously.

Classic distributed systems problem describing coordination with unreliable or traitorous participants.