The loss to minimize or reward to maximize during training or optimization.

Primitive where a sender transfers one of many pieces of information, but remains oblivious to which one was received.

Design where data used by a rollup or app is stored off chain with proofs or fallback mechanisms.

Computation or storage done outside the blockchain, later proven or settled on chain.

Community or tokenholder signaling off chain, later enacted on chain by multisigs or timelocks.

Ethereum term replacing uncle block, a valid block not in the canonical chain but referenced for rewards.

Data and logic executed and stored on a blockchain with consensus guarantees.

Voting and parameter changes executed by contracts on chain, binding by code.

Structured representation of concepts and relations used in knowledge graphs and reasoning.

Open source framework for building optimistic rollups and L2s with shared components.

Low level instruction executed by a virtual machine such as EVM or WASM.

Widely used audited Solidity libraries and contracts for ERC standards, access control, and upgrades.

Entity that runs validator infrastructure, often on behalf of delegators or protocols.

Oblivious pseudorandom function that lets a client evaluate a PRF on its input with the server’s key without revealing the input.

Cross chain bridge that assumes messages are valid unless challenged during a dispute window.

Interactive or single step proof that shows a disputed rollup state transition is invalid.

Rollup that assumes transactions are valid by default and relies on fraud proofs during a challenge window.

Algorithm like SGD, Adam, or Lion that updates model parameters to minimize a loss.

Automated market maker that prices and settles options using pools and on chain oracles.

A service that delivers off‑chain data to on‑chain smart contracts in a verifiable way.

Oblivious RAM protocol that hides access patterns to storage from an observer.

Exchange that matches buys and sells via an order book rather than an automated market maker.

Mechanism where order flow is auctioned to builders or solvers to reduce MEV and improve price.

Mechanisms that split and route trades across venues or pools for best execution and MEV protection.

Indexing scheme that assigns serial numbers to satoshis and allows inscriptions of data on Bitcoin.

A block that is valid but not part of the final canonical chain due to reorgs.

Inputs that differ from training data, often causing unreliable model behavior.

When a model learns noise in the training set and fails to generalize to new data.

Legacy execution environment for optimistic rollups that aimed for EVM compatibility.

A signed message or on chain record that proves control of an address or asset.