Regularization technique that halts training when validation performance stops improving.

Signature scheme used by many chains; relies on the hardness of the elliptic‑curve discrete logarithm problem.

Deterministic signature scheme with fast verification and strong security, commonly using the Ed25519 curve.

Node deployed close to users for low‑latency access, content delivery, or lightweight verification.

Withdrawal path from a rollup or L2 to its base L1, often subject to a challenge or finality period.

Marketplace for Ethereum economic security where validators can opt‑in to secure additional services via restaking.

Specification process for Ethereum changes and standards; includes core protocol, networking, and ERC token specs.

Introduced chain IDs into transaction signing to prevent cross‑chain replay attacks.

Standard for human‑readable structured data signing with domain separation to reduce phishing.

Public‑key cryptosystem based on discrete logarithms; has homomorphic properties useful in voting.

Communication style for simplifying complex topics into clear, minimal language. Useful for docs and prompts.

Math structure used for efficient cryptography; examples include secp256k1, ed25519, BLS12‑381.

Dense vector representation of text, images, or audio capturing semantic relationships.

Model that converts inputs to vector embeddings used for search, clustering, or retrieval‑augmented generation.

Neural network component that maps inputs to latent representations; often bidirectional in Transformers.

Process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using ciphers and keys to ensure confidentiality.

Decentralized naming system mapping human‑readable .eth names to addresses and metadata.

Combining multiple models to improve accuracy and robustness, e.g., bagging, boosting.

Measure of uncertainty in a probability distribution; also used to describe randomness in cryptographic keys.

Pattern where data is encrypted with a data key, which is then encrypted with a master key for secure storage.

Account controlled by a private key, as opposed to a contract account controlled by code.

Short‑lived cryptographic key used for a single session or message to improve forward secrecy.

Discrete time window used for scheduling roles and computing rewards; includes individual and management epochs.

Seconds elapsed since 00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970; common timestamp in APIs and chains.

Token that represents ownership in an entity; may be regulated as a security depending on jurisdiction.

Consensus fault where a validator signs conflicting blocks or messages at the same height/round.

Multi‑token standard supporting both fungible and non‑fungible tokens in a single contract.

Fungible token standard with balances tracked per address, defining transfer and approval interfaces.

Standard enabling smart‑contract wallets with user operations, bundlers, and paymasters, without L1 protocol changes.

Non‑fungible token standard for unique assets, with safe transfers and metadata interfaces.

General‑purpose smart contract blockchain with an execution layer (EVM) and consensus layer (Beacon chain).

Unit measuring computational work in the EVM; users pay base fee plus tip per gas unit.

Lightweight JavaScript library for interacting with Ethereum and EVM chains, wallets, and contracts.

Popular Ethereum block explorer with verified contract source, analytics, and API.

Quantitative measure of model performance, such as accuracy, F1, BLEU, ROUGE, or perplexity.

Log emitted by a contract to index data off‑chain; not accessible to other contracts.

Continuous processing of on‑chain logs into queryable databases for analytics and app backends.

Deterministic runtime for smart contracts that defines bytecode, opcodes, and gas accounting.

Low‑level machine code executed by the EVM, produced by compiling Solidity, Vyper, or Yul.

Low‑level operation executed by the EVM, such as CALL, DELEGATECALL, SLOAD, and SSTORE.

Chain or runtime that supports Ethereum bytecode and tooling with minimal modifications.

The runtime that executes smart contracts on Ethereum and EVM-compatible chains.

Evaluation metric for QA tasks measuring the fraction of predictions that exactly match the ground truth.

Node software that processes transactions and state transitions; pairs with consensus clients.

Layer responsible for running smart contract code and maintaining state, formerly “Eth1”.

Entity that sequences and executes transactions for a rollup, possibly distinct from the prover or validator.

Mechanism allowing users to withdraw funds from a Plasma chain back to L1 using priority queues and challenges.

Techniques that make model predictions interpretable, e.g., SHAP, LIME, saliency maps.

Systems for augmenting LLMs with search, retrieval, or code execution to ground answers in fresh data.

Maximum gas a transaction or block is allowed to consume; prevents infinite loops and DoS.

Per‑unit cost of gas; the base fee is burned under EIP‑1559 while tips incentivize inclusion.