Model output that is fluent but factually incorrect or fabricated; mitigated by grounding and verification.

Scheduled reduction of block subsidy in PoW chains, decreasing new issuance rate.

Maximum token supply or fundraise amount that will ever be issued or raised.

Incompatible protocol upgrade that requires nodes to update; may produce a split chain.

Physical device that stores private keys in a secure element and signs transactions offline.

Fixed‑length digest computed from data by a hash function; used for addressing and integrity.

Algorithm mapping arbitrary‑length input to fixed‑length output with properties like preimage resistance.

An input whose hash equals a given digest; revealing it unlocks HTLCs and commit‑reveal schemes.

Number of hash computations per second performed by miners; proxy for network security in PoW.

Contract that locks funds with a hash and a timeout to enable atomic swaps or payment channels.

Hierarchical deterministic wallet deriving many keys from a single seed using paths like m/44’/60′.

Matrix of second‑order partial derivatives; used in optimization analysis and curvature estimates.

Probabilistic model with hidden states and observed emissions; classic sequence modeling approach.

Graph‑based index structure for fast vector similarity search in embedding databases.

Community term meaning to hold assets through volatility instead of trading.

Encryption that allows limited computation on ciphertexts; fully homomorphic variants support arbitrary circuits.

Security assumption that most stake, hashpower, or validators follow the protocol.

Wallet connected to the internet for convenience; higher attack surface than cold storage.

Entropy coding used by some layer‑2 systems to compress transaction data.

Workflow where humans label, curate, or approve model outputs to improve quality.

Open‑source umbrella for enterprise blockchain frameworks such as Fabric and Besu.

Configuration parameters of a model or optimizer, e.g., learning rate, batch size, depth.

Search for the best hyperparameters using grid search, Bayesian optimization, or bandits.