Cyclic groups on pairing‑friendly curves used in BLS signatures and zk systems.

Architecture with a generator and discriminator trained adversarially to synthesize realistic data.

Fee paid to execute transactions or smart contract operations, priced per unit of computation and storage.

Maximum gas a transaction or block is allowed to consume; prevents infinite loops and DoS.

Service estimating recommended gas fees based on pending mempool and recent blocks.

Cost per unit of gas, typically expressed in gwei; includes base fee and optional tip.

Per‑unit cost of gas; the base fee is burned under EIP‑1559 while tips incentivize inclusion.

Mechanism reducing effective gas cost when freeing storage or performing specific opcodes; heavily modified by recent EIPs.

Legacy pattern that tokenized gas refunds by creating and later destroying storage; mostly obsolete.

Transaction relayed by a third party or paymaster so the user does not pay gas directly.

Models that produce text, images, audio, or code, such as diffusion models and LLMs.

The first block of a blockchain network; defines initial state and parameters.

Popular Ethereum execution client written in Go.

Widely used smart‑contract wallet with multisig and modular account abstraction features.

Peer‑to‑peer message propagation where nodes randomly relay data to neighbors to reach network‑wide diffusion.

libp2p pub‑sub protocol integrating mesh networking and gossip for scalable message dissemination.

Processes by which a protocol or DAO makes and executes decisions, on‑chain or off‑chain.

Token that grants voting rights or proposal power in a protocol’s governance system.

Transformer‑based language model trained to predict next tokens; adaptable via prompting or fine‑tuning.

Parallel processor used for AI training and inference and, historically, for PoW mining.

Memory‑saving technique that recomputes activations during backward pass to fit larger models.

Technique to limit gradient magnitude during training to stabilize optimization.

Optimization method that iteratively updates parameters in the direction of negative gradient.

Funding mechanism that supports ecosystem builders with non‑dilutive capital or bounties.

Query language often used to fetch indexed on‑chain data from subgraphs and backends.

Strategy that picks the highest‑probability token at each step; fast but can be myopic.

Risk measures such as delta, gamma, vega, and theta used in crypto options.

Adversary incurs small cost to impose larger costs on others, degrading liveness or UX.

Efficient zkSNARK proving system requiring a trusted setup; used in privacy and rollup proofs.

Authoritative labels or facts used for training and evaluating models.

Linking model outputs to verifiable data or tools to reduce hallucinations.

Recurrent neural network cell with update and reset gates; simpler than LSTM.

Denomination equal to 10^9 wei; commonly used for gas prices.

Decentralized indexing protocol for blockchain data, using subgraphs and query marketplaces.