Protocol that lets two parties establish a shared key using only a low entropy password while resisting offline dictionary attacks, based on zero knowledge proofs.

Metric for set overlap defined as intersection over union; used for clustering, deduplication, and evaluating retrieval results.

Matrix of first order partial derivatives of a vector valued function; central to backpropagation, sensitivity analysis, and normalizing flows.

Denial of service tactic where an attacker holds HTLC slots or routes with low probability payments to block capacity, mitigated with reputation and fees.

Client library used in web apps to interact with blockchain nodes, wallets, or AI APIs from the browser or Node.js, for example ethers, web3, viem, or official vendor SDKs.

High performance numerical computing library with composable transformations like JIT compilation, vectorization, and automatic differentiation, widely used in research and large model training.

Sparse Merkle tree variant optimized for key value state with efficient updates and proofs, used in Diem and Aptos style blockchains.

Symmetrized and smoothed version of KL divergence bounded between 0 and 1; used to compare probability distributions in GANs and topic models.

Lightning wallet pattern where a channel is opened on demand to receive a payment, shifting on chain cost to the moment of first use and improving UX for new users.

Just in time compilation that generates optimized machine code at runtime from high level graphs, accelerating ML workloads and smart contract VMs.

Ecosystem around Solana block production that introduces MEV aware clients, bundles, and auctions to reduce spam and share tips with validators and stakers.

Variation in network latency over time; affects block propagation, mempool synchronization, and user perceived responsiveness in dapps and wallets.

Bitcoin CoinJoin marketplace that coordinates collaborative transactions between makers and takers to improve privacy while paying liquidity providers.

Transaction component that proves shielded inputs and outputs balance without revealing addresses or amounts, enabling private transfers in Zcash.

Representation space learned for multiple modalities or objects so semantically related items lie close together, used in retrieval and cross modal search.

Probability model over multiple random variables, capturing their dependence structure, foundation for graphical models and Bayesian inference.

Training a model on several related tasks at once to share representations and improve generalization, balancing losses with schedulers or task weighting.

Community slang for NFTs, originally mocking simple image based collectibles, now a casual way to refer to any non fungible token artwork or profile picture.

JavaScript Object Notation, a lightweight data interchange format used everywhere in web and blockchain APIs, human readable yet easy for machines to parse.

Data format where each line is a valid JSON object, convenient for streaming logs, training datasets, and batched API requests.

Lightweight remote procedure call protocol encoded in JSON, standard interface for Ethereum and many chains, used by wallets and dapps to query nodes and send transactions.

Standard and chain specific error numbers returned by node endpoints, useful for debugging issues like invalid nonces, insufficient funds, or method not found.

Specification for describing the shape and validation rules of JSON documents; used for NFT metadata, oracle payloads, and API contracts.

Twisted Edwards elliptic curve designed for efficient zk SNARK friendly operations, used in Zcash’s Sapling and related privacy protocols.

Smallest unit of Chainlink’s LINK token used in contracts and billing, analogous to wei for ETH, where 1 LINK equals 10^18 juels.

Interactive document format that mixes code, text, and outputs, popular for data exploration, model prototyping, and reproducible research.

Penalty transaction that claims funds when a channel partner broadcasts an old state; requires timely watchtower or client monitoring to react within the challenge window.

Standard for encrypting JSON tokens so only intended recipients can read the payload; used for private credentials and secure transport to wallets or relays.

JSON data structure that represents a cryptographic key with parameters like kty, kid, and alg; used to publish and rotate keys for JWT verification.

Standard for signing arbitrary payloads with JSON tokens producing a compact serialization; ensures integrity and authenticity of API calls and claims.

Compact token format with claims signed or encrypted using JWS or JWE; used for authenticating to node APIs, relays, and wallets without sharing passwords.