The next web, explained in plain English
Script version introduced with Taproot that modernizes Bitcoin’s scripting with Schnorr support and Merkleized script paths for efficiency and privacy.
Training technique where the model is fed ground‑truth tokens for the next step instead of its own predictions, speeding convergence but risking exposure bias.
Threshold variant of ECDSA where multiple participants jointly create signatures compatible with standard ECDSA verification, used in bridges and MPC wallets.
Decoding parameter that sharpens or flattens the probability distribution over next tokens; lower values are more deterministic, higher values more diverse.
Byzantine fault tolerant consensus engine with fast finality used in Cosmos‑style chains; validator set votes in rounds to commit blocks deterministically.
Technique that applies multiple transformations at inference and aggregates outputs to improve robustness, common in vision and sometimes LLM prompts.
Public or private blockchain for experimentation with free tokens and relaxed economics before deploying to mainnet; often has faucets and faster reset cycles.
Service that distributes free test tokens to developers and users for deploying contracts and trying apps in non‑production networks.
Milestone when a new token is created and becomes transferable or claimable; distribution may follow a vesting schedule and regulatory constraints.
Decentralized indexing protocol for blockchain data, using subgraphs and query marketplaces.
Scheme where decryption requires cooperation of at least t of n key shares, enabling secure committees and time‑locked reveals in protocols.
Cryptographic method where a signature is produced jointly by multiple parties without reconstructing the private key, improving custody and MPC wallets security.
Rate at which a blockchain processes transactions; constrained by block size, latency, verification, and data availability bandwidth.
Mechanism that delays execution of privileged actions for a set period, giving token holders or users time to review and react to governance changes.
Recorded time associated with a block or transaction; may differ slightly from wall‑clock time and is bounded by protocol rules for validity.
Smallest unit of text a model processes, roughly a word piece; context limits are measured in tokens and billed per token in many APIs.
Common interfaces for tokens that define how balances, transfers, and metadata work across wallets and dapps, enabling composability and tooling support.
Maximum number of tokens a model can attend to in one request, constraining prompt size, tool outputs, and in‑context examples.
Process of splitting text into tokens using schemes like BPE or WordPiece; affects vocabulary, context use, and cost.
The supply, distribution, incentives, and utility design of a token that shape user and validator behavior.
Agentic pattern where models call external tools or APIs (search, code, DB) via function‑calling or adapters to extend capabilities beyond pure text.
Sampling restricted to the k most‑likely tokens at each step, trading off creativity and risk of nonsense for control and stability.
Sampling from the smallest set of tokens whose cumulative probability exceeds p (e.g., 0.9), balancing diversity with coherence in generation.
A rough throughput metric for blockchains, often limited by block size, latency, and verification costs.
Metric for blockchain throughput, often compared across networks; raw TPS claims can be misleading without details on security and data availability.
Telemetry that records model calls, prompts, tool invocations, and latencies for debugging, evals, and compliance in production AI apps.
Corpus used to fit model parameters; quality, diversity, and licensing shape capabilities and risks of memorization or bias.
Execution of model training with a specific dataset, objective, and hyperparameters, tracked for reproducibility and evaluation across checkpoints.
Signed message that changes on‑chain state, such as transfers or contract calls; includes nonce, gas, fee, and payload fields specific to each chain.
Amount paid to compensate validators/miners for computation and inclusion; may include base fee, tip, and burn depending on the fee market design.
Assurance that a confirmed transaction will not be reversed; can be probabilistic (PoW) or deterministic via BFT finality gadgets or checkpoints.
Monotonic counter per account that prevents replay and orders transactions; gaps can stall later txs until missing nonces are mined or replaced.
Pending transaction queue held by nodes before inclusion in a block; subject to fee competition, replacements, and local policy differences.
Reusing knowledge from a pretrained model and adapting it to a new task or domain via fine‑tuning or prompting strategies.
Neural network architecture built on self‑attention and feed‑forward layers that models long‑range dependencies efficiently; foundation of modern LLMs.
Reasoning strategy that explores multiple solution branches with reflection or scoring, guiding the model to better final answers than single‑pass decoding.
Cross‑chain bridge that reduces reliance on multisigs or custodians by using light clients, validity proofs, or on‑chain verification for safety.
Hardware‑based secure enclave that runs code with memory isolation and remote attestation, used for oracles, rollups, and privacy‑preserving apps.
Property of a system where users need not trust a specific party; correct behavior is enforced by cryptography, consensus, and open verification.
Aggregate value of assets deposited in a protocol or chain, commonly used to gauge usage and liquidity, but sensitive to price swings and double counting.
AMM design that executes large orders gradually over many virtual trades against a pool, approximating TWAP execution on‑chain with lower slippage.
Average price over time, used for on‑chain oracles and execution strategies to reduce market impact and manipulation risk relative to spot readings.
Design that separates network security (NACKL) from network usage (SHELL) to align incentives and costs.