Smart‑contract wallet enabling N‑of‑M approvals for transactions, widely used by DAOs and teams for treasury and permission management.

MEV exploit where an attacker places a buy before and a sell after a victim’s trade to profit from induced price movement and slippage.

Empirical regularities showing how model loss improves predictably with more parameters, data, and compute, guiding training budgets and model sizes.

Signature scheme enabling key aggregation and smaller proofs, used in Bitcoin Taproot and multi‑sig constructions to improve privacy and efficiency.

Actor that scans mempools and order flow to construct profitable transaction bundles, exploiting arbitrage, liquidations, or sandwich opportunities.

Elliptic curve used by Bitcoin and many EVM chains for public‑key cryptography, enabling compact keys and signatures with strong security.

Holding and controlling one’s own private keys rather than relying on a custodian; enables permissionless access but requires strong key hygiene.

Learning signals are derived from the data itself (e.g., next‑token prediction), enabling large‑scale pretraining without manual labels.

Training that mixes a small labeled set with a large unlabeled set, leveraging pseudo‑labels or consistency losses for better generalization.

Ephemeral keys with restricted permissions used for a limited time, enabling safer automated actions without exposing the main wallet key.

Fine‑tuning a pretrained model on instruction/response pairs to teach task formats and improve helpfulness before alignment steps like RLHF.

Splitting state or data across multiple partitions so different validators process different subsets, increasing parallelism and throughput.

Mechanism where SHELL can be bought at the System Pool price set by Block Keepers, or sold back for equal or less, anchoring price to real‑world costs.

Usage token for paying compute and storage. Sold from a System Pool for accepted currencies; unlimited supply with revenues sent to the Accumulator.

Rate set by Block Keepers per currency pair in the System Pool, acting as a collective signal for current conversion price.

Independent chain bridged to a mainnet, with its own validators and security model, offering different performance or features than the base chain.

Penalties applied to staked validators for misbehavior or downtime, burning or confiscating collateral to enforce protocol rules and security.

Difference between expected and executed price due to liquidity depth and price impact, controllable via slippage tolerance in swaps.

User‑set threshold for maximum acceptable price movement during a swap; trades revert if final price exceeds this bound.

Programmable code deployed to a blockchain that runs deterministically, enforcing rules without intermediaries.

Deterministic code deployed on a blockchain that enforces rules automatically when conditions are met, removing the need for intermediaries.

Off‑chain vote‑signing system that tallies token balances at a specific block height, enabling gasless on‑chain governance signaling.

Backward‑compatible protocol change that tightens rules so upgraded nodes accept a subset of previously valid blocks while legacy nodes remain functional.

Smart contract programming language for the EVM, with static typing, ABI compatibility, and a large ecosystem of tooling and libraries.

Non‑transferable token meant to represent credentials, reputation, or identity attributes bound to a wallet rather than transferable value.

Rollup that uses a base chain for data availability but validates and finalizes via its own consensus or light‑client rules rather than a smart contract on L1.

Attention mechanisms that compute over a subset of tokens or use structured patterns to reduce quadratic cost and extend context windows.

Decoding method where a small draft model proposes tokens and a larger model validates them, increasing generation throughput with minimal quality loss.

Latent diffusion model family for image generation that denoises from learned latent space, enabling high‑quality outputs on consumer GPUs.

Token designed to hold a steady value, typically pegged to fiat, collateralized on‑chain or off‑chain.

Locking tokens to participate in consensus or delegate to validators, earning rewards while contributing to network security on proof‑of‑stake chains.

Process of locking NACKL to participate in network roles. There is no fixed staking interest rate; rewards derive from network participation.

Token representing a claim on staked assets and rewards, providing liquidity while the underlying stake remains locked (e.g., liquid staking).

Off‑chain interaction where parties exchange signed updates and only settle the final state on‑chain, reducing fees and latency for repeated transactions.

Cryptographic proof (e.g., Merkle or proof‑of‑inclusion) that a given account or storage slot had a specific value in a block, verifiable by light clients or bridges.

Merkle root summarizing the entire chain state at a block, enabling light clients to verify account or storage proofs without full data.

EVM call type that prohibits state modification, used for read‑only contract queries to guarantee no writes during execution.

Technique that re‑renders content in the visual or textual style of a reference, via optimization or model conditioning techniques.

Framework for building blockchains in Rust with pluggable consensus, runtime pallets, and tooling, powering Polkadot parachains and standalone chains.

Training models on labeled examples (input, desired output) to learn mappings, common for classification and regression tasks.

On‑chain pool where SHELL is minted and sold for currencies chosen by Block Keepers; also the venue for selling unused SHELL back.

Hidden priming instructions that steer an assistant’s general behavior and safety policy, applied ahead of user messages.